ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To review observational studies on the association between breastfeeding (BF) practices and head circumference (HC) of children < 2 years old. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases of health sciences: PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Web of Science and Scopus. We selected observational studies published in any language from January 01, 2010 to November 19, 2021, from different populations that investigated the association between BF practice and HC among healthy children < 2 years old. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two evaluators. RESULTS From the 4,229 articles identified, 24 were included in this review: 6 cross-sectional, 17 longitudinal, and 1 case-control. The studies varied in their definition of the variables for BF and in reporting its practice, frequency, duration, and feeding method. Regarding HC, the authors analyzed the mean differences, abnormal values (z-score above + 2SD or below -2SD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards, 2007), and longitudinal growth parameters. The findings of this review suggest that BF may have a positive relationship with HC at the beginning of life. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BF, especially exclusive BF, may play a protective role against abnormal HC values in young children. However, more robust evidence with standardized BF indicators and WHO growth standards (2007) are required.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of behavioral problems and the internal consistency of the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) in Amazonian preschool children during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon, were used. The SDQ-P was applied in 2021 at the five-year follow-up visit to parents or caregivers of 695 children (49.4% of which were girls). This instrument is a short behavioral screening questionnaire composed of 25 items reorganized into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. Cases of behavioral problems were defined according to the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms. Moreover, cut off points were estimated based on the SDQ-P percentile results of our study sample. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald's omega for each scale. RESULTS: According to the cut-offs based on our studied population distribution, 10% of all children had high or very high total difficulty scores, whereas it was almost twice when the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms, were applied (18%). Differences were also observed in the other scales. Compared to girls, boys showed higher means of externalizing problem and lower means of prosocial behavior. The five-factor model showed a moderate internal consistency of the items for all scales (0.60 ≤ α ≤ 0.40), except for total difficulty scores, which it considered substantial (α > 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the usefulness of SDQ in our study population and reinforce the need for strategies and policy development for mental health care in early life in the Amazon.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de problemas de comportamento e a consistência interna da versão para os pais do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ-P) em crianças pré-escolares da Amazônia durante a pandemia de covid-19. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados do estudo de saúde e nutrição Materno-Infantil no Acre (MINA-Brasil), uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. O SDQ-P foi aplicado aos pais e cuidadores em 2021 na visita de acompanhamento de cinco anos de 695 crianças (49,4% das quais eram meninas). Esse instrumento é um breve questionário de rastreamento comportamental composto por 25 itens reorganizados em cinco subescalas: sintomas emocionais, problemas de conduta, hiperatividade/desatenção, problemas de relacionamento com colegas e comportamento pró-social. Os casos de problemas de comportamento foram definidos de acordo com os pontos de corte originais do SDQ, baseados nas normas do Reino Unido. Além disso, os pontos de corte foram estimados com base nos percentis dos resultados do SDQ-P da amostra do nosso estudo. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald para cada escala. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os pontos de corte baseados na distribuição da população estudada, 10% de todas as crianças apresentaram escores totais de dificuldade elevados ou muito elevados, o que quase dobrou quando os pontos de corte originais do SDQ, baseados nas normas do Reino Unido, foram utilizados (18%). Este estudo também encontrou diferenças nas demais escalas. Comparados às meninas, os meninos apresentaram maiores médias de problemas de externalização e menores médias de comportamento pró-social. O modelo de cinco fatores apresentou consistência interna dos itens moderada para todas as escalas (0,60 ≤ α ≤ 0,40), exceto para a escala de pontuação total de dificuldades, a qual foi considerada substancial (α > 0,61). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados apoiam a utilidade do SDQ em nossa população de estudo e reforçam a necessidade de estratégias e desenvolvimento de políticas para o cuidado em saúde mental no início da vida na Amazônia.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To identify longitudinal patterns of maternal depression between three months and five years after child's birth, to examine predictor variables for these trajectories, and to evaluate whether distinct depression trajectories predict offspring mental health problems at age 5 years. METHODS: We used data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 3 and 6–8 months, and 1 and 2 years after delivery. Mental health problems in 5-year-old children were evaluated with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) reported by parents. Trajectories of maternal depression were calculated using a group-based modelling approach. RESULTS: We identified four trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: "low" (67.1%), "increasing" (11.5%), "decreasing" (17.4%), and "high-chronic" (4.0%). Women in the "high/chronic" trajectory were the poorest, least educated, and oldest compared with women in the other trajectory groups. Also, they were more frequently multiparous and reported smoking and having attended fewer prenatal consultations during pregnancy. In the adjusted analyses, the odds ratio of any SDQ disorder was 3.23 (95%CI: 2.00–5.22) and 2.87 (95%CI: 1.09–7.57) times higher among children of mothers belonging to the "increasing" and "high-chronic" trajectory groups, respectively, compared with those of mothers in the "low" depressive symptoms group. These differences were not explained by maternal and child characteristics included in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We identified poorer mental health outcomes for children of mothers assigned to the "chronic/severe" and "increasing" depressive symptoms trajectories. Prevention and treatment initiatives to avoid the adverse short, medium, and long-term effects of maternal depression on offspring development should focus on women belonging to these groups.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões longitudinais de depressão materna entre três meses e cinco anos após o nascimento de seus filhos, analisar variáveis preditoras dessas trajetórias e avaliar se trajetórias distintas de depressão predizem problemas de saúde mental infantil aos cinco anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se dados do estudo sobre saúde e nutrição materno infantil no Acre (MINA-Brasil), uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Os sintomas depressivos maternos foram avaliados pela Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EPDS) aos 3 e 6–8 meses e 1 e 2 anos após o parto. Problemas de saúde mental em crianças com cinco anos de idade foram avaliados pelo Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ– Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), respondido pelos pais. As trajetórias de depressão materna foram calculadas usando uma abordagem de modelagem baseada em grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas quatro trajetórias de sintomas depressivos maternos: "baixa" (67,1%), "crescente" (11,5%), "decrescente" (17,4%) e "alta-crônica" (4,0%). As mulheres na trajetória "alta/crônica" eram mais pobres, menos escolarizadas, mais velhas e multíparas e relataram tabagismo com maior frequência e menor número de consultas de pré-natal durante a gestação do que as demais. Nas análises ajustadas, a razão de chances de qualquer transtorno do SDQ foi 3,23 (IC95%:2,00–5,22) e 2,87 (IC95%: 1,09–7,57) vezes maior entre os filhos de mães nos grupos de trajetória "crescente" e "alta-crônica", respectivamente, do que de mães do grupo de sintomas depressivos "baixos". As características maternas e infantis incluídas nas análises multivariadas foram incapazes de explicar essas diferenças. CONCLUSÕES: Identificou-se piores desfechos de saúde mental para filhos de mães atribuídas às trajetórias "crônica/grave" e "crescente" de sintomas depressivos. Iniciativas de prevenção e tratamento para evitar os efeitos adversos a curto, médio e longo prazo da depressão materna sobre o desenvolvimento de seus filhos devem se concentrar principalmente nas mulheres nesses grupos.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To review observational studies on the association between breastfeeding (BF) practices and head circumference (HC) of children < 2 years old. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases of health sciences: PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Web of Science and Scopus. We selected observational studies published in any language from January 01, 2010 to November 19, 2021, from different populations that investigated the association between BF practice and HC among healthy children < 2 years old. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two evaluators. RESULTS From the 4,229 articles identified, 24 were included in this review: 6 cross-sectional, 17 longitudinal, and 1 case-control. The studies varied in their definition of the variables for BF and in reporting its practice, frequency, duration, and feeding method. Regarding HC, the authors analyzed the mean differences, abnormal values (z-score above + 2SD or below -2SD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards, 2007), and longitudinal growth parameters. The findings of this review suggest that BF may have a positive relationship with HC at the beginning of life. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BF, especially exclusive BF, may play a protective role against abnormal HC values in young children. However, more robust evidence with standardized BF indicators and WHO growth standards (2007) are required.

ABSTRACT Adequate and healthy nutrition is crucial for child development, especially in the first 1,000 days of life. Since unhealthy eating is a modifiable risk factor for diseases and malnutrition, actions that promote the guidelines of the ‘Food guide for Brazilian children under 2 years old’ are necessary. This report shares the process of planning, building, disseminating, offering, and evaluating a virtual workshop for professionals in Primary Health Care in Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon, highlighting the challenges encountered and lessons learned. The workshop had 170 participants and was asynchronous to facilitate access for participants given the low availability of time and instability of the internet signal in the region. The use of different virtual tools favored dialogue between the participants and the workshop coordinators. Participants reported preferring short videos with animations, and the content considered most important addressed anthropometric assessment, food processing and classification, and food challenges. The importance of partnerships with health departments is highlighted for the adequate planning and dissemination of the workshop, and the collaboration of researchers and professionals in the field for the definition and elaboration of relevant content.

RESUMO A alimentação adequada e saudável é crucial para o desenvolvimento infantil, principalmente nos primeiros mil dias de vida. Sendo a alimentação não saudável um fator de risco modificável para doenças e desnutrição, ações que promovam as orientações do ‘Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos’ são necessárias. O presente relato compartilha o processo de planejamento, construção, divulgação, oferecimento e avaliação de uma oficina virtual para profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Acre, Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, com destaque para os desafios encontrados e as lições aprendidas. A oficina contou com 170 inscritos e foi assíncrona para facilitar o acesso dos participantes diante da baixa disponibilidade de tempo e instabilidade do sinal de internet na região. O uso de diferentes ferramentas virtuais favoreceu o diálogo entre os participantes e as coordenadoras da oficina. Participantes relataram preferir vídeos curtos com animações, e os conteúdos considerados mais importantes abordaram avaliação antropométrica, processamento e classificação de alimentos e desafios da alimentação. Ressalta-se a importância das parcerias com secretarias de saúde para o adequado planejamento e divulgação da oficina, e da colaboração de pesquisadoras e profissionais da área para a definição e elaboração de conteúdo relevante.

ABSTRACT Adequate and healthy nutrition is crucial for child development, especially in the first 1,000 days of life. Since unhealthy eating is a modifiable risk factor for diseases and malnutrition, actions that promote the guidelines of the ‘Food guide for Brazilian children under 2 years old’ are necessary. This report shares the process of planning, building, disseminating, offering, and evaluating a virtual workshop for professionals in Primary Health Care in Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon, highlighting the challenges encountered and lessons learned. The workshop had 170 participants and was asynchronous to facilitate access for participants given the low availability of time and instability of the internet signal in the region. The use of different virtual tools favored dialogue between the participants and the workshop coordinators. Participants reported preferring short videos with animations, and the content considered most important addressed anthropometric assessment, food processing and classification, and food challenges. The importance of partnerships with health departments is highlighted for the adequate planning and dissemination of the workshop, and the collaboration of researchers and professionals in the field for the definition and elaboration of relevant content.

RESUMO A alimentação adequada e saudável é crucial para o desenvolvimento infantil, principalmente nos primeiros mil dias de vida. Sendo a alimentação não saudável um fator de risco modificável para doenças e desnutrição, ações que promovam as orientações do ‘Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos’ são necessárias. O presente relato compartilha o processo de planejamento, construção, divulgação, oferecimento e avaliação de uma oficina virtual para profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Acre, Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, com destaque para os desafios encontrados e as lições aprendidas. A oficina contou com 170 inscritos e foi assíncrona para facilitar o acesso dos participantes diante da baixa disponibilidade de tempo e instabilidade do sinal de internet na região. O uso de diferentes ferramentas virtuais favoreceu o diálogo entre os participantes e as coordenadoras da oficina. Participantes relataram preferir vídeos curtos com animações, e os conteúdos considerados mais importantes abordaram avaliação antropométrica, processamento e classificação de alimentos e desafios da alimentação. Ressalta-se a importância das parcerias com secretarias de saúde para o adequado planejamento e divulgação da oficina, e da colaboração de pesquisadoras e profissionais da área para a definição e elaboração de conteúdo relevante.

ABSTRACT One of the challenges in rice areas is the sustainable post-harvest system, which involves using rice straw management and cover crop species. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the emission of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) with the use of different post-harvest management of rice straw as well as with the combined use of ryegrass. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 off-season and 2016/17 rice crop season with different post-harvest rice straw management: maintaining rice straw on the soil surface (No-tillage); incorporating straw into dry soil with a disc (Disc); incorporating straw into flooded soil with a roller crimper (Roller Crimper); maintaining rice straw on the soil surface with subsequent rolling of the soil with a roller (Roller). In each straw management, treatments with and without ryegrass were established. The results demonstrate that incorporating rice straw in flooded soil with a roller crimper increases CH4 emissions in the off-season, and used in combination with ryegrass, proved to be the most significant contributor to partial global warming potential. Most annual N2O emissions occur in the off-season for all management treatments, especially for the no-tillage treatment, which showed increased emissions when combined with the use of ryegrass. However, as global warming potential is influenced mainly by emissions of CH4, the no-tillage system showed the best mitigation potential on greenhouse gas emissions.